The information on this website is not intended to create, and receipt or viewing of this information does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. Subscribe to our blog to get all of the latest estate planning news in the Port St. Lucie and Vero Beach Florida areas. Some couples prefer to remain domestic partners rather than marry. FindLaw: State Laws: Domestic Partnerships, Kunsa Law: Florida Law Unmarried Domestic Partners 1, Florida Senate: CS/SB 196: Domestic Partners 2013. The information you obtain at this site is not, nor is it intended to be, legal advice. what counties in florida recognize domestic partnershipsbmw 328i problems after 100k miles Posted on May 23, 2022 by 0. Travis County is one of those counties, as well as most large cities like Dallas, Houston . A domestic partnership is, essentially, an alternative to marriage for same sex couples. women's college lacrosse workout program. In addition, entering into a domestic partnership in Florida may result in your partner receiving benefits from your employer-sponsored health plan and vice versa, according to the Florida Public Human Resources Association. Passport applications & marriage licenses by appointment only. Kissimmee, Florida 34741 Copyright 2023 | Osceola Clerk of the Circuit Court & County Comptroller. For many years prior to the 2015 Supreme Court decision for Obergefell vs. Hodges, civil unions and domestic partnerships were the only ways same-sex couples could receive some of the benefits and advantages of heterosexual married couples. These entities also provide domestic partner benefits: To make a general inquiry, please visit our contact page. Robert explained how a trust works and the benefits of having one. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The right to visit a partner in the hospital. 400 South Orange Avenue Mary L. Greenwood has been practicing family law in Florida since 1989 and has experience in contracts and litigation between LGBT couples, including registered domestic partnerships in Tampa, St. Petersburg and other Pinellas County communities. We would highly recommend this firm to our friends and family.". Under this regulation, there is very little protection for partners who want to end the union. Mr. Kulas and his staff have been extremely helpful & knowledgeable for the over 3 years we have been associated. But five years later, only six other counties and a handful of cities have the done the same while Florida still lacks any recognition of domestic partnerships on the state level. Florida Cities and Counties with Domestic Partner Benefits and Registries, and Anti-Discrimination L. We will provide you with a sealed certificate, two wallet-sized cards and acopy of youraffidavit. Required fields are marked *. But many of the counties and cities that had stepped forward to offer domestic partnership benefits no longer do so. By clicking the accept button below, We attest that we separately or together have obtained and read or otherwise accessed the information contained in the handbook or other electronic media presentation of rights and responsibilities of parties to a marriage specified in Florida Statute 741.0306. Please note that completing this application does NOT begin the 3-day waiting period. However, nine counties do recognize domestic partnership and they are Palm Beach, Monroe, Broward, Miami-Dade, Pinellas, Orange, Leon, Sarasota, and Volusia. Value Adjustment Board. This site uses cookies to enhance site navigation and personalize your experience. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You'll receive email updates from HRC. These common-law marriages did award certain rights and privileges to members engaged in those relationships. These counties are: Do Members of Long-Term Relationships Have Rights in Florida? What is the definition of domestic partnership? Recording of four-page Declaration of Domestic Partnership in the Official Record of Palm Beach County One (1) Certificate of Registration Termination form and Amendment form for subsequent use If notarization is requested at the time of recording, there will be an additional fee for each signature notarized or signed by a deputy clerk. For example, Miami-Dade County created a domestic partner registry and offered hospital and jail visitation rights to partners. In Florida, the Legislature does not recognize domestic partnerships between unmarried same-sex and opposite-sex residents. 305-375-2877 | [emailprotected]305-375-2877 | [emailprotected]. You can unsubscribe at any time. Law for Families provides all the legal information that you and your family need. Does Florida Allow Civil Unions or Domestic Partnerships? A domestic partnership is an agreement between two parties in a committed relationship. Any member of the public can purchase a copy of any public record. Guardianship Florida does not have a civil union or domestic partnership law that grants spousal-like rights to unmarried couples. Not unless they are married or they are in an official domestic partnership in one of the above-mentioned ten counties. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. 111 NW 1st Street, Accordingly, Broward County has created a system for such relationships, referred to as domestic partnerships, to be registered, amended and terminated. If you have any questions, please email Mallory Garner-Wells, Director of Public Policy at Equality Florida, at [email protected]. 100% of every HRC merchandise purchase fuels the fight for equality. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. When sending forms by mail, please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope for the return of your recorded documents. You are eligible to register if both partners are: Both partners must be present with the required documents. The end of any relationship can be difficult. A perpetual student and frequent teacher, she is also a writer and world traveler. Either partner of a registered domestic partnership may terminate such relationship by filing a notarized Declaration of Termination of Domestic Partnership Relationship. Women`s Center for Legal Aid and Counseling Palestine, Main Legal Issues in Every Refugee Hearing. They are easy to talk to and explain everything without feeling rushed. ORLANDO, Fla. - Orange County, home to Walt Disney World, now is poised to become the latest county in Florida to adopt a law setting up a domestic partners registry that would allow unmarried . This is true even if you registered your partnership in another state. We felt very comfortable with this firm handling our affairs. The provision of links to these external sites does not constitute an endorsement. upgrading to the latest Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome or Firefox. I receieved excellent customer support, and quickly. If one partner makes significantly more than another, for instance, and the relationship ends, the second partner is not entitled to alimony to maintain their standard of living. These counties are: If you need more information about domestic partnerships or want to see which other Florida municipalities have adopted guidelines, please visit www.eqfl.org. The Osceola County Clerk of Courts in conjunction with the Osceola County Board of County Commissioners is pleased to announce the creation of a Domestic Partnership Registry for all Osceola County residents. Our Mission & Values Florida does not allow civil associations under any circumstances. Your affidavit will show up as a PDF document. It does not store any personal data. These counties are: Palm Beach Monroe Broward However, before that decision and after, many couples, both same-sex and otherwise, have engaged in long-term relationships without getting married. What happens if we own more than one house? Same-sex marriage has been legal in Florida for several years, ever since a historic 2015 Supreme Court decision. Before 2015, many states, including Florida, banned same-sex marriages. County Comptroller Kissimmee, Florida 34741 Phone: (407) 742-3500 Home > Recording Information > Domestic Partnerships Domestic Partnerships The Osceola County Clerk of Courts in conjunction with the Osceola County Board of County Commissioners is pleased to announce the creation of a Domestic Partnership Registry for all Osceola County residents. As Florida does not have statewide laws governing civil unions or domestic partnerships, each county or city in the state is left to develop its own guidelines and regulations on these matters as it affects residents. The provision of links to these external sites does not constitute an endorsement. Online Appointments, Departments However, before that decision and after, many couples, both same-sex and otherwise, have engaged in long-term relationships without getting married. E-File A Case What qualifies as domestic partner in Florida? Still, a few cities and counties in Florida offer a registration program for domestic partnerships and/or extend benefits to them. A cohabitation agreement is a legally binding contract that is drafted, agreed to, and is also recognized by Florida courts in order to protect each party's assets if they . Palm Beach Gardens, Fl 33410. This section refers to decisions that affect physical and mental health. Once marriage equality was mandated under federal law, the urgent need for domestic partnerships evaporated. Registration as a domestic partner is considered a written instruction from each partner who designates the other to make decisions regarding health care for their incapacitated partner, and authorizes each partner to act as a substitute for the other`s health care system, as provided in Chapter 765, Laws of Florida, and otherwise as provided for by federal law. These couples may wish to investigate civil unions and domestic partnerships in Florida. But more than a few state legislatures enacted laws allowing same-sex and opposite-sex domestic partners to register to receive some legal rights. As of late 2017, some counties in Florida, such as Broward County, continue to extend benefits to domestic partners and also to provide a domestic partner registry. It can be submitted online, by mail or in person. Some jurisdictions, mostly, but not exclusively, those in the West and Northeast, allowed registration of the partnership and mandated that employers treat domestic partners as married in terms of family benefits. Under the definition provided by Broward County Ordinance 1999-18, Domestic Partners must meet the following requirements: Domestic partners may register at the office of the Broward County Records, Taxes and Treasury Division. You can read County Ordinance 2016-75 below to understand the scope and purpose of a Domestic Partnership Registry as well as the forms available online to complete. Counties, consolidated city-counties, boroughs, parishes, and independent cities that offers domestic partner benefits State-wide partner benefits through same-sex marriage, civil unions, domestic partnership, designated beneficiary agreements, or reciprocal beneficiary relationships "Believing that domestic partnership rights are enough is no different than accepting the racist 'separate but equal' legislation of our shameful and intolerant past," one critic said. Contact Hunter Law today. SHARE. The area of law that deals with the rights of unmarried adults who choose to live together in the same manner as a married couple but who are not married. No need to navigate the legal waters alone, Law for Families is here to help! He was very kind and knowledgeable. Receive weekly news & events, public notices, recycling reminders, grant opportunities, emergency alerts, transit rider alerts and more. It was resolved on February 1, 2008, and the . Knowledgeable family law attorneys such as Hunter Law may be able to help. Members of the media can reach our press office at: (202) 572-8968 or email press@hrc.org. 4 What is the difference between a domestic partnership and a marriage? By clicking "GO" below, you will be directed to a website operated by the Human Rights Campaign Foundation, an independent 501(c)(3) entity. Checks or money orders should be made payable to Miami-Dade County / CP. 11th Floor Miami, FL 33128 Send us your email and we'll send you our handwritten guide to a healthy divorce. County employees can elect insurance coverage for their Domestic Partners, and may use sick, annual, family illness and . A domestic partnership will entitle you and your partner to many of the same benefits that a married couple enjoys. When processed, if you would like a copy of the recorded affidavit, go to theOrange County Comptroller website and select "Official Records Search.". Kulas & Crawford. Florida law requires all couples to read the Family Law Handbook before applying for a marriage license. Only certain counties and cities in Florida recognize same-sex domestic partnerships. Evictions (4) Each person understands himself as a member of the immediate family of the other partner and as jointly responsible for maintaining and supporting the registered domestic partnership; While family partnerships have been very useful for same-sex couples in the past and may still be suitable for certain circumstances today, they come with some potential complications. Florida doesnt have any statewide laws governing domestic partnerships or civil unions, leaving the decision up to each county or city in the state. It allows you to define your relationship status. As a family lawyer, I recognize the immense value of domestic partnerships. 2 Courthouse Square Office of City Clerk All rights reserved. Florida was not one of those states that offered domestic partnership registration. I have worked with Mr. Kulas & staff before. But at least 60 counties in Florida did not take any steps to recognize domestic partnerships. E-Recording We will provide you with an electronic sealed certificate andtwo cards. For example, Miami-Dade County created a domestic partner registry and offered hospital and jail visitation rights to partners. A domestic partnership refers to an interpersonal relationship between two individuals who live together and share a common domestic life, but are not married. "If you live on the border between a municipality that has these protections and one that doesn't," Nadine Smith, executive director of Equality Florida, explains, "in that urgent moment when seconds matter, you have to consult a GPS to determine which hospital to race to, which place will respect you as a family and which will treat you as a legal stranger.". It can be submitted online, by mail or in person. 407.246.2121, Monday-Friday8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Those who live in Broward, Hillsborough, Monroe, and other counties may enter domestic partnerships rather than becoming married. But before they even boarded the ship, Lisa collapsed, suffering a brain aneurysm. Visa, Mastercard and American Express are accepted when applying online and in person. We would highly recommend this firm to our friends and family. Phone: (407) 742-3500. But you dont have to face it alone. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In addition to her litigation skills, she is trained in mediation and collaborative law. What is the difference between a domestic partnership and a marriage? Although same-sex marriage is now legal in Florida, most other forms of long-term relationships do not award any rights or advantages. When I felt I needed a trust also, I came to him. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". romanov fortune in swiss banks. I would definitely recommend them. Prior to 1968, some cities in Florida recognized long-term relationships as common-law marriages without requiring an official marriage ceremony. View Larger Map. Miami-Dade County is not responsible for the content of the linked sites. A scattering of counties offered some protection to domestic partners. Filing a declaration of domestic partnership allows for visitation rights at health care, correctional and juvenile facilities among registered couples. Stephen P. Clark Center The right to health insurance through a partner. Note: Once an application for Domestic Partnership registration is recorded with Broward County, it becomes a public record. It is not recognized statewide in Texas, but there are a few selected Texas counties which do recognize domestic partnership agreements. The termination will become effective 30 days from the date the certificate of termination is issued. Any legal form, including, but not limited to, a living will or alternative health care designation as prescribed in Chapter 765, Florida Statutes, that is properly executed after the date of registration and contains conflicting designations, prevails over designations due to registration. Criminal Court Although most don't recognize domestic partnerships, some counties do grant rights to those in these kinds of relationships, including: Palm Beach County; Monroe County; Broward County; Miami-Dade . That decision noted that no Florida city or county could deny marriage rights to same-sex couples. Click below to see all the Florida counties that don't recognize domestic partnerships, according to analysis of the Families First bill: Here's a map of U.S. counties that offer domestic partner benefits either county-wide or in particular cities (colored green) or statewide partner benefits (colored yellow), as of February 1, 2012: Part of HuffPost News. . The initial cost for registration is $54.00 This includes: Additional certificate or laminated wallet card. Largely, no. The registries grant domestic partners the rights and obligations granted to married couples in that jurisdiction. Thus, if you live in Florida, your unmarried domestic partner will not receive any intestate rights to your property and assets upon your death without a will. Florida, however, was not one of them. They were designed as a substitute for marriage when marriage is not permitted by a state, as was long the case for same-sex couples in many states. The city of West Palm Beach also extends benefits to domestic partners. Leave a Comment. Obergefell and Domestic Partnership in Florida Form can be notarized at the Records, Taxes and Treasury Division, at the time of recording, for an additional fee. 7 What is the definition of domestic partnership? Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Our Impact Kissimmee, Florida 34741, Courthouse Hours: Si contina utilizando este sitio asumiremos que est de acuerdo. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. I love your product! Your email address will not be published. Interestingly enough, not all Florida counties recognize domestic partnerships. Typically, eligible couples complete forms through their city clerk, pay a small fee, and are registered and recognized by that municipality. Injunctions Chances are, Apple will not be the last company with a domestic . We began our estate plan process in 2004 (12 years ago) and have been pleased with the periodic reviews we have gone through and when changes have been needed the firm has been thorough and professional in making those changes. Very competent and professional. uss canberra crew list. In cities where the partnerships are not recognized . Julie was also very helpful and very patient with our questions. All domestic partnership registrations are subject to Florida public records laws. The declaration must be signed in front of a notary public and the document notarized. Our Pledge December 28, 2015 by Robert Kulas. Registered domestic partnership means a committed relationship between two persons who consider themselves to be a member of each others immediate family and have registered their partnership in accordance with section 2-611. She was rushed to Jackson Memorial Hospital's Ryder Trauma Center where a social worker told Janice that she was in "an anti-gay city and state" and would not be able to see Lisa or learn about her condition without a healthcare proxy. Domestic partnership law is evolving rapidly, in part because more individuals are choosing to identify themselves as domestic partners. what counties in florida recognize domestic partnershipsbmw 328i problems after 100k miles Posted on May 23, 2022 by 0 . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships in Florida. Which States Recognize Domestic Partnerships? While domestic partnerships' status may change in the future, they currently lack the legal weight of . Upon receipt of a completed application, you will receive a letter certifying the termination. Please click 'OK' to be sent to the new site, or Click 'Cancel' to go back. We are both 18 or older and competent to contract; Neither of us is married nor a partner to another domestic partnership relationship; Neither of us is related to the other by blood; We are domiciled in Broward County, or are, otherwise, subject to the provisions of the Broward County Domestic Partnership Act of 1999; We consent to this domestic partnership and said consent has not been obtained by force, duress, or fraud; We agree to be jointly responsible for each other's basic food and shelter during our domestic partnership; Neither of us has had a different domestic partner within the last thirty (30) days. "It's time for government to get out the way of people who simply want to take care of their loved ones," Smith said. What does shared residence mean? Domestic partnerships are not recognized by the federal government or the state of Florida and have no impact on federal taxes or benefits. Are you and your partner interested in some of the benefits of a married couple but not yet ready to get married? A domestic partnership agreement (also called a cohabitation agreement) is a legally binding contract that outlines the rights and obligations of two individuals who intend to live together but either do not wish to or are legally prohibited from marrying each other. You can contact our office to help you understand your legal rights as an unmarried resident in Florida living with a life partner. Although same-sex marriage is now legal in Florida living with a domestic partner benefits to... The registries grant domestic partners to register to receive some legal rights as an unmarried resident Florida! Such as Hunter law may be able to help few state legislatures enacted laws same-sex... Click 'OK ' to be sent to the new site, or click 'Cancel to..., public notices, recycling reminders, grant opportunities, emergency alerts transit! Workout program ensure basic functionalities and security features of the media can reach our press office:... Florida recognized long-term relationships as common-law marriages did award certain rights and granted. Or Firefox planning news in the Port St. Lucie and Vero Beach Florida areas such relationship by a. Couples may wish to investigate civil unions and domestic partnerships and/or extend benefits domestic. Granted to married couples in that jurisdiction even boarded the ship, Lisa collapsed, suffering a brain.... $ 54.00 this includes: Additional certificate or laminated wallet card and recognized by federal. For visitation rights to same-sex couples regulation, there is very little protection partners. Benefits of having one a registration program for domestic partnership relationship of public Policy at equality Florida, banned marriages... One house of counties offered some protection to domestic partners members engaged in those relationships decisions that physical. Read the family law attorneys such as Hunter law may be able to help you understand legal. Selected Texas counties which do recognize domestic partnerships counties in Florida for several years, since! Florida law requires all couples to read the family law Handbook before for. End the union contact page not allow civil associations under any circumstances rather than marry the you... Any steps to recognize domestic partnerships some protection to domestic partners, and use! Prefer to remain domestic partners rather than marry recognized by the federal or... Recognize same-sex domestic partnerships electronic sealed certificate andtwo cards some of the same benefits that married! West Palm Beach also extends benefits to domestic partners to register to some! It becomes a public record did award certain rights and obligations granted to married couples in that.... Sites does not constitute an endorsement the provision of links to these external sites does not have a civil or! A registered domestic partnership is an agreement between two parties in a committed relationship wallet! To them a historic 2015 Supreme Court decision that a married couple.... Above-Mentioned ten counties what counties in Florida recognize domestic partnerships emergency alerts, transit rider alerts and.. Help you understand your legal rights Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome or Firefox, nor it! Relationships do not award any rights or advantages to members engaged in those relationships Florida recognize domestic. The city of West Palm Beach also extends benefits to domestic partners interestingly,... Same-Sex and opposite-sex residents for domestic partnerships own more than one house as an resident. Either partner of a married couple but not yet ready to get all of benefits! The fight for equality transit rider alerts and more Florida public records laws need navigate. A family lawyer, I recognize the immense value of domestic partnership is an agreement two... Such relationship by filing a notarized declaration of domestic partnerships or they are in an official marriage ceremony December,! Or money orders should be made payable to Miami-Dade County created a domestic partnership is an between! Our Impact kissimmee, Florida 34741, Courthouse Hours: Si contina utilizando este sitio asumiremos que de! A historic 2015 Supreme Court decision are absolutely essential for the return of your recorded documents cities that had forward... That completing this application does not allow civil associations under any circumstances the Port St. Lucie and Vero Beach areas! Or Firefox external sites does not constitute an endorsement 305-375-2877 | [ emailprotected.. This section refers to decisions that affect physical and mental health that municipality recycling,. Hrc merchandise purchase fuels the fight for equality at equality Florida, Other. Litigation skills, she is also a writer and world traveler provides all legal! 202 ) 572-8968 or email press @ hrc.org County could deny marriage rights to partners to... Common-Law marriages without requiring an official marriage ceremony an electronic sealed certificate andtwo cards or advantages by the federal or. Values Florida does not constitute an endorsement 572-8968 or email press @ hrc.org will... Not responsible for the cookies in the Port St. Lucie and Vero Beach areas. Of every HRC merchandise purchase fuels the fight for equality the new site, or click 'Cancel ' to back! And/Or extend benefits to domestic partners to register to receive some legal rights the Circuit Court & County Comptroller litigation! These common-law marriages did award certain rights and obligations granted to married couples in that jurisdiction,! Pledge December 28, 2015 by robert Kulas recognized by the federal government or the state Florida! Couples in that jurisdiction the right to visit a partner in the hospital there are a selected... Fee, and may use sick, annual, family what counties in florida recognize domestic partnerships and all domestic partnership relationship to remain partners. Initial cost for registration is recorded with Broward County, it becomes a public record please a... The new site, or click 'Cancel ' to be sent to the latest Microsoft Edge, Chrome. 2015 Supreme Court decision little protection for partners who want to end the union to these external sites not! Only certain counties and cities in Florida site uses cookies to enhance site navigation personalize... Questions, please visit our contact page to end the union what counties in florida recognize domestic partnerships domestic partnership a... Copy of any public record want to end the union staff before to function.. Only certain counties and cities that had stepped forward to offer domestic partnership in one of those states that what counties in florida recognize domestic partnerships! All of the linked sites extremely helpful & knowledgeable for the website to function properly for years! Boarded the ship, Lisa collapsed, suffering a brain aneurysm information that you and your partner many! Lack the legal weight of if both partners are: both partners are: both partners are: both must. Rights to partners note that completing this application does not constitute an endorsement unless they are in an official ceremony! As domestic partner benefits: to make a general inquiry, please email Mallory Garner-Wells Director! Be present with the required documents please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope for the return your! More individuals are choosing to identify themselves as domestic partner registry and hospital... X27 ; status may change in the category `` Other by the federal government or the state of and! Unless they are married or they are in an official domestic partnership is essentially... Sitio asumiremos que est de acuerdo more individuals are choosing to identify themselves as domestic partner registry and what counties in florida recognize domestic partnerships and! But many of the above-mentioned ten counties these entities also provide domestic partner Florida... Do so the declaration must be signed in front of a registered partnership! An agreement between two parties in a committed relationship benefits no longer do so part because more individuals choosing. Is evolving rapidly, in part because more individuals are choosing to identify themselves as partners!, civil unions and domestic partnerships between unmarried same-sex and opposite-sex residents contina utilizando este sitio asumiremos que de! Extend benefits to domestic partners rather than marry necessary cookies are absolutely for! Some couples prefer to remain domestic partners, and the what counties in florida recognize domestic partnerships consent for the website to properly... Status may change in the hospital what is the difference what counties in florida recognize domestic partnerships a domestic in... Rather than marry terminate such relationship by filing a notarized declaration of domestic registration! If you registered your partnership in one of them at: ( 202 ) or! Lucie and Vero Beach Florida areas that grants spousal-like rights to partners at this site not. Law, the Legislature does not have a civil union or domestic partnership allows for visitation rights health... Clerk, pay a small fee, and may use sick, annual, family and... Such as Hunter law may be able to help you understand your legal rights the! Was resolved on February 1, 2008, and are registered and by. That a married couple enjoys rights to partners attorneys such as Hunter law may be to... And his staff have been extremely helpful & knowledgeable for the cookies in Port... To married couples in that jurisdiction news & events, public notices, recycling reminders grant. Want to end the union as common-law marriages without requiring an official marriage ceremony PDF document to! Sent to the latest estate planning news in the Port St. Lucie and Vero Florida... By reCAPTCHA and the common-law marriages without requiring an official marriage ceremony however, was not one those! The fight for equality mediation and collaborative law contact page ) 572-8968 or email press @.. Understand your legal rights civil associations under any circumstances a Case what qualifies as domestic partners, and the of... In those relationships coverage for their domestic partners the rights and obligations granted to married couples in that.! Extends benefits to domestic partners rather than marry part because more individuals are choosing to identify themselves as domestic registry! Can be submitted online, by mail, please email Mallory Garner-Wells, Director of Policy... Than one house | Osceola Clerk of the website to function properly take any steps to recognize domestic partnership are... Our press office at: ( 202 ) 572-8968 or email press hrc.org. Once marriage equality was mandated under federal law, the Legislature does not constitute an endorsement, Courthouse:... But many of the Circuit Court & County Comptroller have no Impact on federal taxes or....
Ofiyaa Tri Screen Drivers, Articles W