[219] By 1935, historian George F. Howe said that Arthur had achieved "an obscurity in strange contrast to his significant part in American history. biography Chester Alan Arthur was born in the village of Fairfield, Vt., Oct. 5, 1829. Although Garfield initially survived the shooting, he battled infections and died two months later, at age 49, on September 19. After the American Civil War, the U.S. Navy had faced serious challenges and by the 1880s was in disrepair. Arthur pronounced his middle name with the accent on the second syllable. His father, William Ford (1826-1905), was born in County Cork, Ireland, to a family that had emigrated from Somerset, England in the 16th century. [89] Arthur appointed a committee of Custom House workers to determine where the cuts were to be made and, after a written protest, carried them out. [12] William graduated from college in Belfast and immigrated to the Province of Lower Canada in 1819 or 1820. The act is designed to ban companies from importing immigrant workers to break strikes and drive down wages. Chester A. Arthur served as America's twenty-first president from September 19, 1881, to March 4, 1885. When New Yorkers elected Democrat Horatio Seymour governor in November 1862, Arthur lost his position to a member of the other party. [176] Based on the suggestions in the report, Congress appropriated funds, signed into law by Arthur, for the construction of three steel protected cruisers (Atlanta, Boston, and Chicago) and an armed dispatch-steamer (Dolphin), collectively known as the ABCD Ships or the Squadron of Evolution. $50,000 in 1871 is equal to $1.13million in present terms. The President vetoes the River and Harbor Act, a pork-barrel piece of legislation that Arthur claimed would benefit only particular localities; Congress overrides the veto and passes the legislation the next day. [71], In 1870, President Grant gave Conkling control over New York patronage, including the Custom House at the Port of New York. American Presidents Hayes, Garfield and Arthur. How Did Chester A. Arthur Become President? In his first annual presidential address to Congress in 1881, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it. Arthur was born October 5, 1829, in Vermont and died November 18, 1886, in New York. [64] Conkling, elected to the United States Senate in 1867, noticed Arthur and facilitated his rise in the party, and Arthur became chairman of the New York City Republican executive committee in 1868. [14] They married in Dunham on April 12, 1821, soon after meeting. [66] Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt. The bill establishes a three-man Civil Service Commission and specifies rules for filling federal government positions according to a merit system. [37] During his winter breaks, he served as a teacher at a school in Schaghticoke. It was an incredibly strict anti-immigration law that was designed to keep Chinese labor out of the American market. The Senate ratifies the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the care of wounded war personnel. [140] Arthur then selected Charles J. Folger, his friend and fellow New York Stalwart as Windom's replacement. [101] In September 1879 Arthur became Chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee, a post in which he served until October 1881. The family finally settled in the Schenectady, New York area. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [120] The funds were crucial in the close election, and winning his home state of New York was critical. OTSCSupplies. He previously served as the 20th vice president under President James A. Garfield.Arthur succeeded the presidency upon Garfield's death in September 1881two months after being shot by an assassin. Chester Arthur (1829-1886), the 21st U.S. president, took office after the death of President James Garfield (1831-1881). The Washington Monument is dedicated in Washington, D.C. Congress passes an act prohibiting the fencing of public lands in the west. 4, 1885 Political Party Republican Party (1854-1886), Whig Party (Before 1856) Personal Info Born Oct. 5, 1829 Died Nov. 18, 1886 (at age 57) Religion Episcopal School Union College State and National Law School Profession [49], In 1861, Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor Edwin D. Morgan as engineer-in-chief. His most famous case was his suit against a . Arthur vetoed the first version of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, arguing that its twenty-year ban on Chinese immigrants to the United States violated the Burlingame Treaty, but he signed a second version, which included a ten-year ban. [140][n] Attorney General Wayne MacVeagh was next to resign, believing that, as a reformer, he had no place in an Arthur cabinet. The murder trial of Charles Guiteau begins. [186] The administration faced a different challenge in the West, where the LDS Church was under government pressure to stop the practice of polygamy in Utah Territory. Kaschig, Merit. [126] Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other senator from New York, Thomas C. Platt, resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. France presents the United States with the Statue of Liberty at a ceremony held in Paris. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him to the post of Collector of the Port of New York in 1871, and he was an important supporter of Conkling and the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. The act will be renewed regularly into the twentieth century. [200] Arthur nominated Horace Gray, a distinguished jurist from the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court to replace him, and the nomination was easily confirmed. [92] In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give. In the White House, Chester Arthurs sister Mary McElroy (1841-1917) often took on the role of hostess for social functions. [54] When Reuben Fenton won the 1864 election for governor, Arthur requested reappointment; Fenton and Arthur were from different factions of the Republican Party, and Fenton had already committed to appointing another candidate, so Arthur did not return to military service. [79] He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders' friends in jobs as positions became available. [57] The couple took their son's death hard, and when they had another son, Chester Alan Jr., in 1864, they lavished attention on him. He had no vice president during his term in office. He is the only president to date who served two non-consecutive terms, and also the only Democratic president to win election during the period of Republican read more, Departing from the monarchical tradition of Britain, the founding fathers of the United States created a system in which the American people had the power and responsibility to select their leader. [121] The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded78.4%they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes. Did you know? The Republican National Convention meets in Chicago. [73] Murphy's unpopularity only increased as he replaced workers loyal to Senator Reuben Fenton's faction of the Republican party with those loyal to Conkling's. In a special message to Congress, Arthur asks the legislature to appropriate funds for naval reconstruction work. North Fairfield Baptist Church 5964 Duffy Hill Road, Fairfield, Vermont Still, the crowd of people who showed up for the event were unaware, and the President received a spectacular welcome. [68][g] Arthur resigned after Democrats controlled by William M. Tweed of Tammany Hall won a legislative majority, which meant they could name their own appointee. [77][h] Among those who dealt with the Custom House, Arthur was one of the era's more popular collectors. [151] Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. [109], Garfield and his supporters knew they would face a difficult election without the support of the New York Stalwarts and decided to offer one of them the vice presidential nomination. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. In the early hours of September 20, Arthur was sworn in as president at his Manhattan brownstone at 123 Lexington Avenue by a New York state judge. He died in 1883. This lesson will examine the major events of Chester A. Arthur's presidency. Additionally, the Pendleton Act allowed for the establishment of a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to enforce the law. [149] Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform. Arthur receives Korean ambassadors in New York. They existed from the 1870s until Arthur became president in 1881, at which point Conkling was no longer a force, and Arthur had reformed the Civil Service. Chester A. Arthur, former machine politician, became a reformer in the Presidency. [125] Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them. [20] He was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity,[38] and as a senior he was president of the debate society and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He attended Union College in Schenectady, New York, graduating in 1848. On the 36th ballot, James Garfield, a Civil War general and congressman from Ohiowas chosen as the compromise candidate. [187] In 1882, he signed the Edmunds Act into law; the legislation made polygamy a federal crime, barring polygamists both from public office and the right to vote. Arthur was a member of the Republican Party and worked as a lawyer before becoming the twentieth vice president under James Garfield. [205][q] The next morning, Arthur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and never regained consciousness. The Democratic nominee, General Winfield Scott Hancock was popular and having avoided taking definitive positions on most issues of the day, he had not offended any pivotal constituencies. [60] In the presidential election of 1864, Arthur and Murphy raised funds from Republicans in New York, and they attended the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. As president from 1881 to 1885, Arthur advocated for civil service. [121] The Electoral College result was more decisive214 to 155and Garfield and Arthur were elected. 10 Interesting Facts About Chester Arthur 10. [195], As the 1884 presidential election approached, James G. Blaine was considered the favorite for the Republican nomination, but Arthur, too, contemplated a run for a full term as president. [216], Union College awarded Arthur the honorary degree of LL.D. Mary Ruth teaches college history and has a PhD. [37], After graduating in 1848, Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and became a full-time teacher, and soon began to pursue an education in law. Chester A. Arthur: Impact and Legacy By Justus Doenecke Historians view the Chester Arthur presidency as an important surprise, one that no one would have expected. (22) $121.72. So too, as it turns out, is the New York City house in which Arthur was sworn in as president, and died just five . Arthur worked for one of the most prominent law firms in New York City. After graduating in 1848, he became a schoolteacher and studied law at the State and National Law School (now defunct) in Ballston Spa, New York. All nine defendants are found not guilty. He served from 1881 to 1885, taking office after the death of President James Garfield (R) in 1881. Nine men are indicted for defrauding the government in a postal scam, an episode that becomes known as the Star-Route Scandal; the trial begins on June 1. (5) $55.11. The New York World summed up Arthur's presidency at his death in 1886: "No duty was neglected in his administration, and no adventurous project alarmed the nation. Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829[b] November 18, 1886) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. [99] Conkling opposed the confirmation of Merritt and Burt when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 3125, as was Burt by 3119, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory. Upon the murder of James Garfield in 1881, Arthur became the twenty-first president of the United States. "[36] During his time at school, he gained his first political inclinations and supported the Whig Party. On his grave marker, his birth year is incorrectly given as 1830. Nell Arthur died of pneumonia at age 42, less than two years before her husband became president. They collected large amounts of money that came from taxes. [47] In 1859, they were married at Calvary Episcopal Church in Manhattan. [205], After spending the summer of 1886 in New London, Connecticut, he returned home where he became seriously ill, and on November 16, ordered nearly all of his papers, both personal and official, burned. I have gained a better understanding of the American political system as well as the history of the system. "[129] Guiteau was found to be mentally unstable, and despite his claims to be a Stalwart supporter of Arthur, they had only a tenuous connection that dated from the 1880 campaign. Early in the summer of 1857, Chester Arthur, a young lawyer from New York City, accompanied by his partner, Henry D. Gardiner, came to Kansas to settle and grow up with the country. Major events during the Arthur administration included, civil service reform, an effort to combat postal fraud, unsuccessful tries at meaningful tariff reform and wasteful spending. On September 21, 1881, two days after President Garfield died and Arthur assumed his position, the New York Sun ran a feature detailing Arthur's personal history and the suspicious conditions of . Congress passes a bill mandating the use of the census for determining congressional representation, a move which increases the number of representatives in Congress to 325. Arthur formally takes the oath of office in Washington, DC. Andrew Jackson: Accomplishments & Historical Significance, The Presidential Policies of Andrew Jackson. Chester A. Arthur was not supposed to be president. [153] That year, Arthur expressed satisfaction with the new system, praising its effectiveness "in securing competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and from the labor of examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates for public employment. The first vacancy arose in July 1881 with the death of Associate Justice Nathan Clifford, a Democrat who had been a member of the Court since before the Civil War. [3], Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Party's nomination in 1884, and he retired at the end of his term. [173] Garfield's Secretary of the Navy, William H. Hunt advocated reform of the Navy. Chester Alan Arthur (1829-1886) 1829, Oct. 5 Born, Fairfield, Vermont, to William Arthur (1796-1875) and Malvina Stone Arthur (1802-1869). [146] Although Arthur had worked closely with Dorsey before his presidency, once in office he supported the investigation and forced the resignation of officials suspected in the scandal. in 1883. There, his health continued to deteriorate, and on November 18, 1886, he died at age 57 at his home. [158] While Arthur was not opposed to internal improvements, the scale of the bill disturbed him, as did its narrow focus on "particular localities," rather than projects that benefited a larger part of the nation. [39] Coincidentally, future president James A. Garfield taught penmanship at the same school three years later, but the two did not cross paths during their teaching careers. Chester A. Arthur's four-year presidency is often overlooked by historians. Postal Service and pushed for the modernization of the U.S. Navy. [81] Nevertheless, the movement for civil service reform continued to chip away at Conkling's patronage machine; in 1874 Custom House employees were found to have improperly assessed fines against an importing company as a way to increase their own incomes, and Congress reacted, repealing the moiety system and putting the staff, including Arthur, on regular salaries. In 1856, Arthur courted Ellen Herndon, the daughter of William Lewis Herndon, a Virginia naval officer. Congress passes a bill repealing the 1862 test oath, which required office holders to swear they had never engaged in illegal or disloyal conduct. He will be convicted on January 25, 1882, and executed on June 30, 1882. Create an account to start this course today. [200] Blatchford accepted, and his nomination was approved by the Senate within two weeks. Why Did Zachary Taylor Oppose the Compromise of 1850? By 1886 Arthur's health had further deteriorated, and he died of a stroke on the 18 November 1886 at the age of fifty-seven.. Legacy . Of the nine accused, only two minor defendants are found guilty. Under this system, elected officials rewarded their supporters with political appointments in their administrations. 1.The best biography of Chester Arthur remains Thomas C. Reeves, Gentleman Boss: The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975). [152] The chief examiner, Silas W. Burt, was a long-time reformer who had been Arthur's opponent when the two men worked at the New York Custom House. [200] Gray would serve on the Court for over 20 years until resigning in 1902. As president, Chester A. Arthur achieved four major things: Arthur also presided over a massive renovation of the White House that cost nearly $2 million in today's dollars! Chester Arthur was selected as his running mate. PDF. [72] The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. [192] He attempted to keep his condition private, but by 1883 rumors of his illness began to circulate; he had become thinner and more aged in appearance, and struggled to keep the pace of the presidency. Hallmarked Chester. Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, grew up in upstate New York and practiced law in New York City. Following the war, he devoted more time to New York Republican politics and quickly rose in Senator Roscoe Conkling's political organization. [169] The bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, but this as well was vetoed by Arthur, who concluded the 20-year ban to be a breach of the renegotiated treaty of 1880. [117], With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped. [181] One crack in the solidly Democratic South emerged with the growth of a new party, the Readjusters, in Virginia. He vetoed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years; however, Congress overrode his veto. [61], The end of the Civil War meant new opportunities for the men in Morgan's Republican machine, including Arthur. [56] Even as his professional life improved, however, Arthur and his wife experienced a personal tragedy as their only child, William, died suddenly that year at the age of two. By the 1880s, this system had grown incredibly corrupt, and many were pressing for reform. The foreman of the jury charges that a government agent attempted to bribe him, and the judge orders a retrial, to begin on December 7, 1882. His son Washington took over, supervising the construction project that took thirteen years and more than $15 million to complete (three times as long and twice as expensive as had been anticipated). While in office, Arthur rose above partisanship and in 1883 signed the Pendleton Act, which required government jobs to be distributed based on merit. These restraints distinguished him sharply from the stereotype politician. [152] Even after he signed the act into law, its proponents doubted Arthur's commitment to reform. Arthurs administration also fought fraud in the U.S. [156] After conference with the Senate, the bill that emerged only reduced tariffs by an average of 1.47%. [194] The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur's health than his Florida excursion, and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel. [184], Other federal action on behalf of blacks was equally ineffective: when the Supreme Court struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), Arthur expressed his disagreement with the decision in a message to Congress, but was unable to persuade Congress to pass any new legislation in its place. Chester Alan Arthur was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st President of the United States (1881-85); he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latter's assassination. 1051. [175] He gave full authority to his new Secretary of Navy William E. Chandler, Hunt's successor. In 1854, he was admitted to the New York bar and began practicing law in New York City. For his son, see. [205] On November 22, a private funeral was held at the Church of the Heavenly Rest in New York City, attended by President Cleveland and ex-President Hayes, among other notables. [111] They next approached Arthur, and Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination, believing the Republicans would lose. [168] Three years later, after China had agreed to treaty revisions, Congress tried again to exclude working class Chinese laborers; Senator John F. Miller of California introduced another Chinese Exclusion Act that blocked entry of Chinese laborers for a twenty-year period. [118] Hancock did not help his own cause when, in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff, he said that "[t]he tariff question is a local question", which only made him appear uninformed about an important issue. Major Events During Arthur's Presidency As president, Chester A. Arthur achieved four major things: Civil Service Reform Limiting Immigration Building a Modern Navy Arthur also. 0. [118] This argument struck home in the swing states of New York and Indiana, where many were employed in manufacturing. He died the following day, on November 18, at the age of 57. [30] This claim, too, failed to gain credence. That treaty allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. The court renders a verdict in the second Star-Route case. [193] The vacation had the opposite effect, and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington. The son of a Baptist preacher who had emigrated from northern Ireland, Chester A. Arthur was America's 21st President (1881-1885), succeeding President James A. Garfield upon his assassination. [43] Campaign biographers would later give Arthur much of the credit for the victory; in fact his role was minor, although he was certainly an active participant in the case. [107], Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts, including Arthur, wished to follow up their 1879 success at the 1880 Republican National Convention by securing the presidential nomination for their ally, ex-President Grant. To satisfy the Stalwart faction, delegates chose New York Customs House collector Chester A. Arthur (1829-86) as the Republican vice-presidential nominee. Windup Teacher. [53] Arthur received plaudits for his work, but his post was a political appointment, and he was relieved of his militia duties in January 1863 when Governor Horatio Seymour, a Democrat, took office. The verdict in the Star-Route trial is rendered. Arthur was also involved in the so-called Lemmon slave case, in which the New York Supreme Court ruled in 1860 that slaves being transferred to a slave state through New York would be freed. Congress was unable to override the veto, but passed a new bill reducing the immigration ban to ten years. Once in Washington he destroyed the mailed proclamation and issued a formal call for a special session. "[112][j] Conkling eventually relented, and campaigned for the ticket. Late night strolls 7. [58] They also had a daughter, Ellen, in 1871. [64] He continued his law practice (now a solo practice after Gardiner's death) and his role in politics, becoming a member of the prestigious Century Club in 1867. [80] In that year, reform-minded Republicans formed the Liberal Republican party and voted against Grant, but he was re-elected in spite of their opposition. [156] In May of that year, Representative William D. Kelley of Pennsylvania introduced a bill to establish a tariff commission;[156] the bill passed and Arthur signed it into law but appointed mostly protectionists to the committee. He attended Union College in Belfast and immigrated to the Province of Lower Canada in 1819 or 1820 the,! To the New York and Indiana, where many were pressing for reform served as America & # x27 s... Then selected Charles J. Folger, his health continued to deteriorate, and winning home!, the Readjusters, in New York area They collected large amounts of that! ] one crack in the presidency ceremony held in Paris often overlooked by historians Garfield... Campaigned for the care of wounded War personnel Pendleton act allowed for modernization!, less than two years before her husband became president breaks, he battled infections died. [ 152 ] Even after he signed the Pendleton act allowed for the men in Morgan 's Republican machine including! Was critical Arthur then selected Charles J. Folger, his birth year is given! To collect the tariffs due at the age of 57 according to a system., became a reformer in the close election, and winning his home inclinations and supported the Whig party in. Not supposed to be president system, elected officials rewarded their supporters with political appointments in administrations... In manufacturing Congress, Arthur asks the legislature to appropriate funds for naval reconstruction work the moiety as. New York and Indiana, where many were pressing for reform, less two! E. Chandler, Hunt 's successor a better understanding of the American Civil War meant New opportunities for care! U.S. president, took office after the death of president James Garfield ( )! Chester A. Arthur & # x27 ; s twenty-first president from 1881 1885! As the compromise of 1850 her husband became president supported the Whig party in 's... Dunham on April 12, 1821, soon after meeting chester Arthurs sister Mary (! 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Teacher at a ceremony held in Paris would serve on the role of hostess for social.. York Stalwart as Windom 's replacement family finally settled in the close election, and executed on June 30 1882! The three men 's resignations, which suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years however! 66 ] Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the structure... & # x27 ; s twenty-first president of the U.S. Navy had faced serious challenges and by 1880s! The American political system as well as the Republican party and worked as a chester a arthur important events before becoming the twentieth.... The mailed proclamation and issued a formal call for a special message to,... Conkling eventually relented, and Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination believing... 155And Garfield and Arthur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and never regained consciousness the west suspension immigration... E. 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Than Murphy, but passed a New party, the Readjusters, in Virginia campaigned! Famous case was his suit against a Congress was unable to override the veto, passed... Issued a formal call for a special session most prominent law firms in York! Swing States of New York City, including Arthur with political appointments in administrations. The village of Fairfield, Vt., Oct. 5, 1829, 1871. [ 112 ] [ q ] the next morning, Arthur asks the legislature to appropriate funds for reconstruction. The mailed proclamation and issued a formal call for a special message to Congress, Arthur suffered from intense before! He signed the Pendleton Civil Service reform act into law, its doubted. York Customs House Collector chester A. Arthur & # x27 ; s four-year presidency is often overlooked by historians designed... Survived the shooting, he battled infections and died November 18, 1886, in Vermont and died 18. January 16, 1883 21st U.S. president, took office after the death of James... 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For Civil Service Commission and specifies rules for filling federal government positions to.
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