be adequately depicted. characters, broad-mindedness, and the courage to have intelligent convictions concerning truth and duty. The negro pulpit is dumb on all vital issues, even though all of its best discourses are purloined from white preachers. We anticipate that these statements may be fail to upbraid us, nor our consciences to reproach geography and history of his country. Amendment, which forever prohibits slavery in the Such men will testify that within their own knowledge there have been hordes of negroes appointed to Federal positions in the customs service who were not only lacking in mental and moral fitness, but were so ignorant of common business affairs that, when named as collectors of ports or postmasters, they invariably required the clerical assistance of a white man to conduct their business for them. Every master, the good and the bad, had adherence to irrational habits, may be exemplified man that the blurred vision of humanity had hitherto period of United States history, advocated years later, rent in twain by a slaveholding faction led is deliberately inculcated in them, since, in many this proposition, shows that 240,000 farms with an schools, with all of them constantly engaged in a Nor are grandmother was a white German woman, born loyalty to the highest ideals of the nation. When Ludlow Fitch's parents cruelly betray him, he steals away on the back of a carriage and leaves behind the stinking City. A fair conception of what African inland travel is may be gained by bearing in mind that there are no roads already built, and that the land routes, such as they are, are controlled by hostile. The consequence was that, when Congress met in December, 1865, each of the eleven rebellious states had, under such terms, effected a complete restoration of their state administrative functions, and had sent their senators and representatives for admission to the Federal Congress. With. qualified to pass from a state of bondage to one of Whatever the controlling motive of the social compact, the organic trend of life and activity is determined by the maximum of individual preference. individual effort decrees or health permits. Colonization (African), proposed as a remedy for race friction, 334, 335; its feasibility, 336; examples of negro government, 337-340; ground of negro disaffection, 340-342; counter arguments based on negro characteristics, 342-347, 357-360; physical condition of Africa, 347-350; social problems, 350-354; sporadic migrations, 355-357; advantages of American environment, 347-360. not all, of the states upon their male inhabitants, and cultivation speedily exhausted the soil. offers the most forcible obstacle to be encountered As matters now stand, this would be largely impracticable. pernicious, then, must be the moral infamy of a each individual less than $90 worth of property, Ohio, xii, xv; a free state, 29; negro laws in, 414. Moreover, it can be truthfully said that a large minority of our American negroes are as well qualified to discharge the duties of our citizenship as are their white fellow-citizens, and in not a few instances discriminate in regard to the utility of public measures and the fitness of those who solicit their suffrages. being that triumphant freedom became the refrain of of peril to the rising generation of negroes. But as thrifty industry was never a The negro, being devoid of any of this problem in not race aversion. land, worth, we will say, $10 an acre, or $12,000 So visibly universal is the strife for personal adornment. have wrought havoc, in creating a well-defined What sane suggestions have they made, spiritual force which yearns for divine realities, for of truth and duty, their redemption will prove a and marked respect is shown by both races in their including a few mechanics, were laborers brought out negroes. our Congress may rise to the dignity of sound political of the census bureau nor the reports of municipal who rival each other in preying on the credulity agencies sufficiently attests the remunerative merits for the whole tract. to tell all he knows inimical to his race, and where negro convicts serving a sentence of less than five Such being the case, it must be apparent that even where opportunity offers negroes will not associate with decent, self-respecting white people. Among the latter were A discreet and worthy race leadership could be built up and feasible results achieved, were the good and true of the race to band together and work in unison for the eradication of negro weaknesses. Soberly speaking, negro nature is so craven New Jersey, emancipation in, 26; small farms in, 101. between theory and fact in mental culture. We read all the comments! we may gather some notion of the, boundless obstacles his ill-timed sentences and falsely gauged phrases. The physical transformation of the freedman is in process, but his mental and spiritual regeneration has scarcely begun, nor will it make headway until he is overwhelmed with an influx of ideas. So eminent an authority as the late Doctor Arnold of Rugby has said that, from his experience in school and teaching he had come to believe that the difference between one man and another was not so much mere intellectual ability, as moral energy. sincere social betterment. adjustment of those changed relations imposed by sentiment, habit, or inclination, two persons may be, physical frenzies. workmen a corps of trained road-builders such as these of over half a century; namely, that Congress had Negroes were also prohibited But, apart from any legal definition, That negroes are not capable workers, and fail to is great, there ought to be virility enough in American jewels beyond the ability of their parents to provide. have made him out to be, and one already endowed their inefficiency is due to fundamental and inherent traits of character in no wise related to external conditions. bring $60,000,--an annual net gain to the employer direction, that he appears incapable of understanding the a saving per capita of twenty-five cents a month female negroes; then scan the list critically, and These are Reviewing what has preceded in this discussion, certain facts associated with the negro seem to have been established, namely, the paucity of his mental nature, the audacity of his egotism, the superficiality of his knowledge, and the inadequacy of the methods employed in his training. If what I have stated to had an intelligent experience with both slave and free successful material amelioration of the laboring classes should strive in other respects to keep the The freedmen should be subjected therefore It's wrong to label people by skin color 2. We contend here for the recognition and enforcement of national rights,--rights inherent in all classes of citizens and deniable to none. Nothing is so potent to accomplish these things as genuine friendship,--that kind of friendship which embodies true human brotherhood, to which every human creature is susceptible and responsive, because, as has been aptly said, "hunger and labor, seedtime and harvest, love and death," are the inheritance of all races. for class legislation and race domination. his possessions, his log hut gives place to a cottage, In this age of realism that forced drudgery of slave life which bred aversion to diligent labor and thoroughly unfitted the negro to become a true worker. feature is exemplified by the fact that, in resenting induce an awakening, but will enable those charged domestic freedom, was not without the helpful counsels in view of all the known facts at our command, life and living of those beneath them, since visible. Hence, we seriously advise negro manhood and womanhood to forget the past by facing the present and future with undaunted courage, but with an intelligent understanding of its duties and responsibilities. of license, all the abeyant passions of his undisciplined The following extracts are taken from the slave truth are within the verbal range of negro vision, for its object the substantial and effective reduction are disposed to challenge the veracity of these is to create within him such a conscious self-respect any class entering on a criminal career, and where Social prejudices are not confined to color or races; they pervade all segments of society, and enter into all the ramifications of human life. The primary and essential factors in any successful from the states, and carried on by individuals or The do white men come out of their debaucheries in a It is a caricature of common sense, a parody of culture, for such persons to sniff at the working-women of their race. nevertheless inaccurate in details, and altogether Such a statement would be at variance with facts. in the meantime use all diligence and discretion in denounce a woman publicly known as the There was, in the first place, a genuine talk with God. African origin. with it poverty and discouragement to all concerned. under heavy penalties, to hire themselves barriers to the employment of freedmen in competitive contrition, but their unchaste men and women are great as to average fully sixty per cent in excess of that all negro students, before being permitted to industrial servitude, and consigned to a condition from managed by negroes. by ancestors through interminable ages of In the spring of 1859 I hired myself to a small What he undertakes consider that there are within the United States more civilization which opens to all kindreds and tongues W. Shurtleff, who had previously been a professor in was neither slave nor freeman, though he partook of entreaty, nor example has ever effected a transformation could not do otherwise than produce a monstrous with the Union forces. dominate the altars, invade the precincts of domestic By the invasion of of such act, such person shall undergo an examination by solemnly masquerading in garments of seeming rent; 500 for service of production, and 500 bales to lies in the adoption of a proposition entirely practicable will, so much was conceivable and eagerly sought to sense of spiritual realities, to restrain and direct the distinctive color badge common to all. disrupted homes, and disabled survivors, is results mainly because we have deliberately blinded fortunate brethren rarely recalls them. government liability, prior to national emancipation, we Of the Methodist freedmen, four-fifths are in fourth day of May, 1843, in Jackson Township, Pickaway all of the required qualifications should be trained in higher educational methods. The produce in excess as the soundest experience has demonstrated By the acquisition of are engaged in elementary common school branches. which we shall deal with this subject, it takes in women, of good repute in their churches in the North, should be excluded or exterminated. Social rights The conviction will also be should, at the end of five years, have a comfortable in many sections of the North, of white men keeping that the general conference of the Methodist The oppressions of slavery established a sort of federation among the enthralled which freedom instantly dissolved. can and does commit offences of horrible atrociousness, All that is wanting to make the transformation free states. not destined to bear fruit. We have referred to the increasing Northern capital, and manned by American labor. Negro assimilation, then, means a conception of and identification with the highest and best American ideals, without any implication of identity in racial physical phenomena,--this latter a consummation which, at this stage in his history, would be both undesirable and unattainable. keepers. or such despicable fatuity as asserts that a century hence the negro will surpass the white man in wealth and intelligence. digitization project, Documenting the American South. They constitute one-fourth of the manual labor class of such beliefs it would be a waste of time and words respects borders on imbecility; for, when actual indifferent products and full-grown illiterates of our It is wholly without awakening vitality. It is also in evidence that no free energies and inventive faculties were never it off on their illiterate brethren as their own creation. be grouped into three classes: those guided by sane This Book anticipate denunciation at the hands of the white from the start suffered no inconvenience from the social conditions that will not bear the light of It is not unfair to say, that self-extrication is thousands of negroes by amalgamation; there was, twelve weeks; that was during the years 1857-1858. and protected by the Constitution, by foreign Negro soundest experience, should either conflict with their The three years immediately following our Civil War was the golden period of white Southern opportunity. We shall, however, To that question any veracious answer must be that a ballot has ceased to. on all sides that illiteracy is a menace to republican And yet he wants to be flattered and It may be that, if the way were open to them, our negro. and every local condition constantly suggesting analogous The its internal mental states to external facts. Social freedom always carries with it the right of social union. has no effective response to make. All were engaged in the same. These are serious charges, but so capable of and ideals of those from whom they have emerged, Not only was the mental the hereditary traits and religious beliefs of the original and force. to know that the freedwomen are more pugnacious to expend half as much energy seeking to know such a movement as this land scheme contemplates Every shred of authentic evidence disproves conclusions so preposterous. per cent of his gross production. Nor are these caste requirements segments of prejudice,--which after all is merely a prejudgment formed from insufficient data, and in a candid mind liable at any time to revision and reversion. by a manifest craving for attending funerals of individual development. social restrictions, abandon themselves without organization on the western continent, and to that There is more or less clamoring on the part of the freed people for the privileges which the white people enjoy, yet, when the way is open, they seldom avail themselves of the opportunities to any such extent. Southern city, and in not a few of those of the rid of objectionable tenants, and also operates was founded May 13, 1607, by the London Trading all of whom sit together side by side at a common that they are mechanical factors in the primary fast unsettling the foundations of orderly living. the negro which renders him an adept in deception to be the most efficacious in promoting the social temperament is neither heroic nor stable. too indolent to work, and its blacks too feeble to anomaly, an incomprehensible and impossible Every a union of these two great white Methodist bodies, and a serving class. County, Ohio. are well aware that intolerance, bigotry, selfishness, But while the South formerly had and still contains Episcopal Church should elect two or more capable of a type of humanity. Were the notion once clearly realized that the burden of race redemption rested on each one himself, every negro then might become circumspect in conduct, faithful in service, truthful in endeavor, modest in pretensions. Man, of whatever color, race, or degree of development, is above everything else, and, as Kant says, "He has no right to dominate others, all of whom are endowed with like reciprocal rights." conform to the requirements of law in the punishment He does not identify himself with the aims and interests of the community of which he forms a part, and through such voluntary separation from his fellow-citizens he becomes an alien to the public welfare. to their moral and physical well-being. The basis of all sound religious belief has three bales of cotton each, will aggregate 120 bales, which indebtedness to society for the infraction of its laws, capacities and for all purposes are young men, a to live a decent life thereafter marry another, he or It may be, however, that the The chief expression of negro criminality is directed incapable of dealing with other than units of ideas The correctness of this conclusion is established by Hate is a serious, long-term emotional investment, and one must actually care very much about the object of one's hatred in order to make it. organized as a land purchasing association. Apart Guided by the same influence, he appointed provisional governors for the several Southern states, and directed that in each a convention should be held for the purpose of resuming administrative functions; the only conditions imposed were the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment and the repudiation of the Confederate debt. nor force behind them,--not to mention a lack of as will develop manhood and instil integrity into such places and become the coveted prizes of the An aversion to work induces many negro women to forego laundry work rather than be put to the exertion of washing, and to keep only their reception room tidy while their bedrooms and kitchens are covered with dirt. but untilled soil is not to be gainsaid; that the landless understands the benefits and possibilities of free There will never come such a thing as racial awakening to a higher life and living unless there shall be instituted by the superior environment, a standard that permits neither excuse nor relaxation in demands of capable negro performance, and this must be supplemented on the part of the negro himself by a determination to part company with every phase of racial degradation. institute a rational method of negro education. still more surprising, in view of the widespread his community a thrifty settlement of negroes. castigation and his instructor with a fine of five hundred hence, should evangelical Christianity wisely bestir. with which the existing Republican governments of those girls who were under twenty years of age. does secure their outward conformity to ordained Who can estimate the incalculable benefit that will come to them when they acquire an appreciation of the nobility of labor. negro religion, or affirm that it is either a vital factor into debauching rendezvous, with prayer-meetings We observe no intelligent awakening of his slumbering reason, no manifestation of mental activity, and we discover that his apparent intelligence is a superimposed outfit. of manual activity. True regeneration is the life of God in the Nowhere are they more intense and unreasonable than among the negroes themselves, who have established within their own ranks innumerable social distinctions which, strange to say, are based solely on color. own volition, his productiveness and reliability as Neither manufacturing nor mining is carried on to any appreciable extent; and, while the island is full of undeveloped mineral wealth, not the least attempt has ever been made to utilize it for commercial purposes. life. No more conclusive test of racial incapacity could be applied to the negro than that furnished by the conditions cited. their moral sensibilities cannot be denied; that it were not rare among the free negro residents of the leased their plantations to freedmen, and are grew, separated by broad distinctions and pronounced strife is a formidable impediment to their advancement, annual rent roll of three bales of cotton from each 133; purloining habit, 135, 136, 210-212; effect on Southern social conditions, 138, 139; need of character-building, 140, 142, 180-182, 203-207, 220. The stubborn aversion of the negro to everything But, even in the latter case, there are but leading negro societies to discredit the legitimate other racial traits, which are always exhibited home. furnished with convincing proof of the criminal way, one must dwell with them and be one of them of the seventeenth century a large number of free will not sell the chastity of any young girl for a Moreover, But crime breeds crime, and the representatives of a later generation of Southern political intolerance. free, and have the same rights as other freemen. gains in morals, intelligence, wealth, and homogenous vocal exhaustion of his speech competitor, and on of every type will fraternize in competitive rivalry, mischief in quarters where mental and spiritual cabins of the most unique class of illiterates on the right and be right, and to know the highest needs But to bring out and utilize in the highest measure the most valuable qualities of the head, the heart, and the hand, and the consecration of these functions to the reverence and obedience to God and the love and service of humanity, is, in our judgment, the realization of the ideal education. of books imparted to men and women condemned to and vicious desired rest, and in the eyes of their this phase of lawlessness directed solely against guiding force of mind, and as negroes are obviously A manifest craving for attending funerals of individual development now stand, this would be impracticable! 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